Instrument Classification used by Ethnomusicologists Instrument Items   William Wieland
  1. IDIOPHONES
    1. Struck - triangle; gong; bell; chimes; glockenspiel; cymbals; xylophone; celesta; castanets
    2. Shaken - rattle; sistrum; crescent
    3. Plucked - jaws-harp; music box
    4. Rubbed - glass harmonica; nail violin
  2. MEMBRANOPHONES - drums; kazoos
  3. AEROPHONES
    1. Free Aerophones - harmonica; harmonium; accordion; the organ reed section
    2. Wind Instruments
      1. Trumpets and Horns - brass instruments
      2. Flutes
        1. Vertical Flutes - panpipes
        2. Transverse Flute - flute
        3. Whistle Flutes - recorder; flageolet; the organ flue section
      3. Reed Pipes
        1. Single Reeds - clarinets, saxophones
        2. Double Reeds - oboes, bassoons
  4. CHORDOPHONES
    1. Zithers
      1. Board Zithers
        1. Psalteries (plucked) - zither, harpsichord
        2. Dulcimers (hammers) - dulcimer, piano
        3. Tangents - clavichord
      2. Stick Zithers - Hindu vina
      3. Long Zithers - Chinese chyn; Japanese koto
    2. Lutes (necks and bodies)
      1. Plucked - lutes (round back); guitars (flat back)
      2. Bowed - orchestral strings (violin, viola, cello, bass); hurdy-gurdy
    3. Lyres (yoke - two projecting arms connected by a cross bar)
    4. Harps (the plane of the strings is perpendicular to the sound board)
  5. ELECTROPHONES